The invention discloses an optical fiber vibration detection system and an optical fiber vibration detection method. An optical fiber vibration sensor is connected with a host computer, the optical fiber vibration sensor comprises a first circulator, N pumping light sources, and a first wavelength division multiplexer, the first circulator is connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the N pumping light sources are connected with the first wavelength division multiplexer, the first wavelength division multiplexer is connected to a remote gain module via a first sensing optical fiber, and the remote gain module is also connected with a second sensing optical fiber. Signal light emitted by the first circulator and pumping light emitted by the N pumping light sources enter the remote gain module via the first wavelength division multiplexer, and the pumping light is downloaded via the remote gain module for the amplification of the signal light. Therefore, the technical problem that the actual production requirement cannot be satisfied due to limited detection distance of the optical fiber vibration signal detection system is solved, and the accuracy of remote optical fiber vibration detection is improved.