The invention relates to a high-amplitude shielding layer rejecting method based on seismic data instantaneous attributes. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1), fine interpretation of a high-amplitude shielding layer is carried out in terms of data after stack or offset; 2), the interpreted high-amplitude shielding layer is regarded as a center; a time window is designed, and seismic data in the time window is intercepted; time and amplitude information of the interpreted high-amplitude shielding layer is obtained, and the seismic data in the time window is subjected to Hilbert conversion to obtain frequencies and phases forming wavelets of the high-amplitude shielding layer; average wavelets are obtained through well seismic calibration; according to correlation coefficients between the average wavelets and different scale parameter theoretical wavelets, the scale parameters of the average wavelets are determined; Morlet wavelets approximating the high-amplitude shielding layer is constructed one by one; and 4) differences between a data body of the 1) step and the Morlet wavelets obtained in the 3) step are calculated one by one to obtain seismic records in which the high-amplitude shielding layer is rejected. In the invention, influences by the high-amplitude shielding layer in a seismic profile on the processed data can be effectively eliminated.