The invention relates to a lithium battery and an electric bicycle based on a lithium battery serial number. The lithium battery comprises a battery core unit and serial number storage unit, wherein a unique serial number of the lithium battery is stored in the serial number storage unit. The electric bicycle based on the lithium battery serial number comprises a system bus and a central controller and also comprises the above lithium battery, wherein the lithium battery and the central controller both are connected with the system bus; a legal serial number is pre-stored in the central controller; the central controller is used for reading the serial number of the lithium battery through the system bus and judging whether the serial number of the lithium battery confirms to the legal serial number or not, if yes, the central controller continues normal running, otherwise automatically stops running if the serial number cannot be read or the read serial number is not in conformity to the legal serial number. By the lithium battery and the electric bicycle, the legality of the battery can be detected; and when an illegal lithium battery is detected, the central controller of the electric bicycle automatically stops running, the bicycle cannot be used, thus, the illegal lithium battery is prevented from being used on the electric bicycle, and the risk that the lithium battery of the electric bicycle is stolen is reduced.