The invention provides a grinding and dust collection system and a method for grinding and dust collection by using the grinding and dust collection system. The grinding and dust collection system is able to grind a cement-based material layer by layer and collecting powder at high accuracy. The system comprises a PLC control part, a grinding part, a dust absorption part and a collection part, wherein the grinding part comprises a first base, and an X-direction guide rail, a Y-direction guide rail and a Z-direction guide rail; a first motor, and a grinding head and a dust absorption cover both fixed on an output shaft end of the first motor are arranged on a Z-direction guide rail movable support; the dust absorption cover covers the grinding head from the outside of the top of the grinding head; the Y-direction guide rail is fixed on the first base; the X-direction guide rail is fixed on a Y-direction guide rail movable support; a fixture for fixing a test piece is arranged on an X-direction guide rail movable support; the dust absorption part comprises a dust catcher and a dust absorption duct; one end of the dust absorption duct is hermetically connected with the dust absorption cover, while the other end of the dust absorption duct is connected with the dust catcher; driving devices for the X-direction guide rail movable support, the Y-direction guide rail movable support and the Z-direction guide rail movable support and the first motor are controlled by the PLC control part.