The invention discloses high-strength fastener steel containing nickel and copper and a thermal treatment method for high-strength fastener steel. The high-strength fastener steel comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.38-0.45% of C, 0.17-0.30% of Si, 0.60-0.80% of Mn, less than or equal to 0.010% of P, less than or equal to 0.010% of S, 0.90-1.20% of Cr, 0.15-0.22% of Mo, 0.05-0.15% of Ni, 0.10-0.20% of Cu, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities. According to the high-strength fastener steel, a tissue obtained by oil quenching and high-temperature tempering is a tempered sorbite tissue with performances as follows: tensile strength Rm equal to 1100-1135MPa, yield strength Rel equal to 980-1015MPa, elongation A equal to 14.5-17.2%, V notch impact energy Akv equal to 70-90J at 25 DEG C, and V notch impact energy Akv equal to 55-85J at (-)20 DEG C. The high-strength fastener steel has stable impact performance and relatively high strength, and can be used for manufacturing a high-strength fastener with delayed fracture resistance of level 10.9.