The invention relates to a non-air-conveying powdered fuel oxygen-rich combustion device and method. The device comprises a feeding device, a gas conveying device, an oxygen valve station and a kiln, wherein the feeding device comprises a powder tank, a rotary valve and a duplex weighing device which are sequentially connected; the oxygen valve station comprises a primary oxygen pipeline and a secondary oxygen pipeline; the kiln comprises an oxygen-rich combustor; the feeding device and the gas conveying device are connected through a double-curve mixed ejector and then are connected to a fuel spraying gun of the kiln through a powder conveying pipeline. The combustion device and method are simple in structure and reasonable in design; denitration equipment is not needed; powdered fuel low in cost is adopted; the production cost is reduced; it is ensured that the emission load of nitric oxides of the kiln is extremely low; environmental friendliness, economy and energy conservation standards of the kiln are achieved.