The invention relates to a mining hydraulic rapid breaking device. The mining hydraulic rapid breaking device comprises a hydraulic oil cylinder, an energy accumulator, a power head and a pipeline. A rear cavity of a cylinder body of the hydraulic oil cylinder is communicated with the energy accumulator through the pipeline, and an impact piston is arranged in the hydraulic oil cylinder; compressed inert gas is stored in the energy accumulator to serve as energy-storage medium; the power head extends into the hydraulic oil cylinder and is aligned with the axial direction of the impact piston; the pipeline is provided with a pipeline control valve block, and the pipeline control valve block comprises a check valve and a throttling valve which are connected in parallel; the check valve enables hydraulic oil in the pipeline to flow only from the energy accumulator to the hydraulic oil cylinder. When the piston retreats to drain oil, the oil flows to the energy accumulator through the throttling valve, and the oil flows back to the hydraulic oil cylinder through the throttling valve and the check valve during oil feeding, so that the retreating speed of the piston of the oil cylinder is smaller than the advancing speed. The compressed inert gas is stored in the energy accumulator to serve as the energy-storage medium, a common hydraulic energy system of a motor and an oil pump is eliminated, and a complex electric hydraulic control system does not exist as well, so that the mining hydraulic rapid breaking device is simple and reliable in structure, low in cost and convenient to maintain.