The invention discloses a wall-climbing robot for cladding layer multi-point synchronous thickness measurement of a boiler water cooling wall, and belongs to the field of boiler water cooling wall detection. The wall-climbing robot aims to solve the problems that in existing water cooling wall tube thickness detection, the area is large, the positions are dispersed, measurement is inconvenient, and thus great difficulty is brought to workers. According to the wall-climbing robot for cladding layer multi-point synchronous thickness measurement of the boiler water cooling wall, synchronous belts are arranged on the outer sides of compressing wheels, the outer sides of driven shafts and the outer sides of driving shafts in a sleeving mode at the same time; a plurality of magnet supports are evenly fixed to the outer surface of each synchronous belt, and the magnet supports are elastic supports; a plurality of magnets are arranged on the inner sides of two side walls, the robot is attracted to the water cooling wall through a plurality of magnets on the magnet supports, and therefore the robot can walk freely on the boiler water cooling wall in the vertical direction of the tube wall for collecting the thickness of a tube, and data are provided for recording the abrasion condition of the tube subsequently.