The invention discloses an axially-distributed five-sensitive-grid dense interdigital metal foil gauge capable of measurement of single-side outside lateral partial derivatives. The metal foil gauge comprises a substrate and five sensitive grids fixed thereon; each sensitive grid comprises a sensitive segment and a transition segment, and axes of all the sensitive segments are parallel lines in the same plane; in the plane, the direction along the direction of the axes is an axial direction, and the direction vertical to the axial direction is a lateral direction; centers of the five sensitive grids are not laterally deviated yet axially deviated; the sensitive grids are a sparse sensitive grid, an intermediate first sensitive grid, an intermediate second sensitive grid, a dense first sensitive grid and a dense second sensitive grid from the left to the right along the axial direction according to a sequence of center positions of the sensitive grids; and two sensitive grids at a central section and two sensitive grids at a right portion are respectively interdigitally arranged, and total resistance change values of the sensitive grids under the same strain are 5:12:12:7:7. According to the invention, through time division multiplexing of the sparse sensitive grid, strain axial first-order partial derivatives of positions where the intervals between outer sides on the right of the centers of the dense first sensitive grid and the dense second sensitive grid and the centers are equal to the intervals between the centers to the center of the sparse sensitive grid can almost be measured at the same time.