The invention discloses a reverse blasting excavation method of a shaft and a pilot shaft. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, construction of a drilling platform is carried out; secondly, center hole drilling construction is carried out; thirdly, auxiliary blasting hole drilling construction is carried out; fourthly, a soil body unit and a blasting hole section are divided; fifthly, reverse blasting excavation is carried out; and sixthly, whether the shaft and the pilot shaft are connected or not is judged, and whether a to-be-excavated soil body of the shaft and the pilot shaft is totally excavated or not is checked, wherein if yes, it is proved that the shaft and the pilot shaft are connected, and excavation of the shaft and the pilot shaft is finished, and if not, excavation continues according to the manner of the fifth step. According to the reverse blasting excavation method, during blasting excavation construction, an operator does not need to enter a face for operation, potential safety hazards caused by well wall chipping, collapsing and the like are avoided, the life safety of the operator is guaranteed, and the reverse blasting excavation method is especially suitable for excavation of the shallow shaft and the shallow pilot shaft below 30 m.