The invention relates to an anti-permeability performance test system for shield tunnel segment circumferential seams. The system comprises a segment test piece positioned in a frame and used for an anti-permeability performance test of the circumferential seams, a water pressure loading assembly including a water supply tank, a hydraulic press, and a water storage tank with a scale connected in sequence via a water pipe, and an observation record sub-assembly including a laser displacement sensor and digital close-range photogrammetric equipment. According to the system, a conventional segment joint mechanical performance test system is employed for loading, a water-resistant performance test of the shield tunnel lining segment circumferential seams is accomplished, the stress and deformation states of the shield tunnel circumferential seams in the practical condition are accurately simulated, the waterproof capability of the shield tunnel circumferential seams in conditions of different opening amounts, dislocation amounts, and opening angles is tested, quantitative reference basis is provided for the seam waterproof fine design of tunnel engineering, the consistency of the manufacturing precision of test segment members and actual tunnel segments and the accuracy of test data are guaranteed, the machining cost of a steel die of the test piece is reduced, and the test time is reduced.