A single-tray-structured high-temperature differential scanning calorimeter includes a high-temperature furnace, a sensor and a control system. The high-temperature differential scanning calorimeter is characterized in that a single tray structure is employed, wherein the single tray is matched with the sensor and is disposed in the high-temperature furnace for measurement. The high-temperature furnace includes a furnace body, a furnace hearth and an electric heating wire. The sensor is in an integrated pulling/inserting structure and includes a thermal couple, a sheath, a high-temperature-resistant material, a stainless steel pedestal and a multi-core connector. The control system includes an electronic circuit, a PLC unit and a computer auxiliary control system. The differential scanning calorimeter can be used for effectively and actually metering the temperature of a heated sample in the furnace hearth at a high temperature, and meanwhile, the temperature of the sample is controlled at a high precision through a collector matched with computer software.