The invention provides a nickel-containing wastewater treatment method. The treatment method comprises steps as follows: A), the pH (potential of hydrogen) value of nickel-containing wastewater is adjusted, and the nickel-containing wastewater with the pH value adjusted is obtained; B), the nickel-containing wastewater with the pH value adjusted is subjected to evaporation and concentration, and distilled water and a concentrated liquid are obtained; C), the distilled water is subjected to activated carbon adsorption and nanofiltration sequentially, and effluent is obtained; D), the concentrated liquid and an organic solvent are mixed for a reaction and subjected to solid-liquid separation, and nickel slag and a mixed solution containing the organic solvent are obtained; E), the mixed solution is rectified, the organic solvent is recovered, an obtained waste liquid is rectified, and the step B) is performed again. The nickel-containing wastewater treatment method has the characteristics of saving of treatment chemicals, short procedure, low cost, no corrosion, high treatment capacity, small treatment system covering area and the like, has good adaptability to complicated ingredients in the nickel-containing wastewater and can be used for treating various nickel-containing wastewater containing complexing agents. The invention further provides a nickel-containing wastewater treatment system.