The invention discloses a high-speed railway onboard signal simulation training system and method. The high-speed railway onboard signal simulation training system comprises an external environment simulation device, an internal processing device and a training effect feedback device, wherein the external environment simulation device is configured to simulate a ground environment and a train operating state so as to provide train operating conditions to the internal processing device, and to receive train protection information outputted by the internal processing device; the internal processing device is configured to compute in accordance with operating signals of a train driver and the train operating conditions so as to generate the train protection information; and the training effect feedback device is configured to conduct quantitative evaluation on the operations of the train driver in accordance with computation data of the internal processing device and the train operating conditions. The high-speed railway onboard signal simulation training system and method provided by the invention can reduce training cost and shorten a practical training cycle.