The invention discloses a method for simultaneously detecting the content of five limited components in food additives. The method includes the steps that to-be-detected food additive samples are weighed, an absolute ethyl alcohol solution and an internal standard solution are added, and the mixture is oscillated to be subjected to ultrasonic extraction; supernatant liquid is taken, anhydrous sodium sulfate is added, supernatant liquid is taken to be filtered through an organic membrane, analysis is carried out with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to obtain the quantitative ion peak areas of the five components in the supernatant liquid, and a five-grade mixing standard series work solution is prepared; analysis is carried out through the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, the quantitative ion peak areas serve as vertical coordinates, the content of unit areas serve as transverse coordinates, working curves pass through an original point in a forced mode, and the standard curves of the five components are obtained; according to the standard curves, the obtained quantitative ion peak areas of the five components in the supernatant liquid are substituted into the standard curves for calculation, and the content of the five components in the supernatant liquid is obtained. The method is simple, convenient and accurate, the content of the five components in the food additives can be simultaneously detected, and the universality and the extendibility of the detecting and analyzing method in the field are improved.