The invention relates to a VPX bus-based workpiece bench synchronous motion control system and method and belongs to the semiconductor precision mechanical equipment motion control system technical field. The motion control system includes a VPX bus chassis, a CPU main control unit, a motion control unit, an optical fiber interface unit, a power amplifier unit, a motor driving unit, a measuring unit and a man-machine interaction unit. The VPX bus-based workpiece bench synchronous motion control system of the invention can be suitable for different platforms with a large number of motor shafts, a large quantity of information, complicated control algorithms and the like. According to the control system, high-speed interconnection of a plurality of processors of the system can be realized through a RapidIO bus architecture; feedback data calculation can be completed in real time and fast through the multi-core DSP motion control unit; and communication of various paths of data can be realized through the optical fiber interface unit. Compared with the prior art, the control system not only can load complex control algorithms, but also has a flexible network topological structure, high real-time performance, high-speed data transmission ability and powerful data processing ability.