The invention discloses an anti-icing and de-icing building material based on a composite phase change material. The anti-icing and de-icing building material based on the composite phase change material comprises a phase change material heat storage module, a carbon fiber heating cable, a waterproof layer, a heat insulating layer, a pipeline shell and housing fins. Under a low temperature environment, heat stored by the phase change material is released through the waterproof layer, the housing and the fins to realize de-icing; and when the temperature of the phase change material approaches a critical temperature T, a heating mode of the carbon fiber heating cable is turned on and the heat of the carbon fiber heating cable is directly transmitted to the phase change material to realize phase change heat storage. The anti-icing and de-icing building material based on the composite phase change material, disclosed by the invention, is advantaged in that the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the building material reaches up to more than 99% due to adoption of both an anti-icing and de-icing composite pipeline with a tubular structure and the carbon fiber heating cable; the structure of the anti-icing and de-icing building material is compact; the investment and operation expenses of the anti-icing and de-icing building material are low; an emergency reaction system of a tunnel is enhanced in bad weathers; and the anti-icing and de-icing building material can be also mounted and used under special environments such as the tunnels with small radians, narrow slit or the like. As the heat is finally released through the fins, the heat transmission is enhanced so that icing prevention and de-icing are efficient.