The invention provides a textile after-finishing process taking silk fibroin as a medium. The textile after-finishing process particularly comprises the following steps: (1) removing impurities of silk, boiling twice via a 0.3-0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution for degumming, and dissolving, dialyzing and concentrating in a saturated lithium bromide solution to obtain a silk fibroin crude protein solution; (2) adding the silk fibroin crude protein solution into alkaline protease, placing the mixture at 3-5 DEG C, leaving to stand for hydrolysis, taking out and heating to enable inactivation of alkaline protease; (3) adding organic silicon, a pH regulator, a surfactant and a solvent into the silk fibroin protein solution, uniformly stirring, adding water-soluble polyurethane, chitosan hydrolysate and a silica sol or titanium dioxide sol modifier, and uniformly mixing to obtain a finishing agent taking silk fibroin protein as the medium; (4) at 23-25 DEG C, impregnating or coating a textile with the finishing agent taking silk fibroin protein as the medium, and performing pre-drying, roasting, soaping, washing and drying to obtain the anti-wrinkle, anti-bacterial or silk-like after-finished textile.