The invention relates to a preparation method of a sulfur transfer agent based on a copper-containing component. The preparation method includes following steps: (1), mixing and stirring pseudo-boehmite and distilled water, adding hydrochloric acid while stirring, stirring, and hydrothermally adjusting pH value to form gel; (2), adding a surfactant in the gel formed in the step (1), stirring to form size, and dropwise adding a magnesium nitrate solution and a copper nitrate solution into the size respectively while stirring; (3), performing suction filtering and washing on the size obtained in the step (2), drying, and calcining to obtain the sulfur transfer agent. The sulfur transfer agent synthesized by the method is low in cost, does not contain toxic vanadium species and expensive rare earth metal, has high specific surface area and can maintain high desulfurization rate for a long time.