The invention an anti-theft lock cylinder and a key matched with same and belongs to the technical field of locks. The anti-theft lock cylinder comprises a body board, a lock cylinder shell, a rotating lock cylinder body, a rotating lock cylinder outer sleeve, a fixed lock cylinder body, a thickening plate, a drive plate and axial marble assemblies. The lock cylinder shell is provided with a cylindrical containing cavity and a positioning hole, the rotating lock cylinder body is sleeved with a lock cylinder positioning hole, the rotating lock cylinder outer sleeve is positioned in the cylindrical containing cavity, the fixed lock cylinder body and the rotating lock cylinder body are positioned in the lock cylinder positioning hole, the thickening plate is positioned in the positioning hole, the drive plate is connected with the thickening plate, the lock cylinder shell and the fixed lock cylinder body are connected with the body plate, the thickening plate, the rotating lock cylinder body and the fixed lock cylinder body are provided with axial marble holes, the axial marble assemblies are positioned in the axial marble holes, and an axial key penetrating hole is formed in the body board. The anti-theft lock cylinder is simple in structure, easy and convenient to manufacture, low in cost, high in structural strength and good in anti-theft performance, destructive opening and technological opening can be effectively prevented, and the problem that an existing marble key is low in secret key amount and high in mutual opening rate is solved.