The invention provides an equipment noise acquisition device comprising a frustum-shaped sound transmitting part, a cylindrical sound receiving part and a microphone. The frustum-shaped sound transmitting part comprises a first frustum surface which is arranged at the external side of the frustum-shaped sound transmitting part and a second frustum surface which is arranged at the internal side of the frustum-shaped sound transmitting part. The first frustum surface and the second frustum surface are mutually parallel, and the diameter of the second frustum surface is greater than that of the first frustum surface. One end of the cylindrical sound receiving part is connected with the second frustum surface of the frustum-shaped sound transmitting part, and the internal part of the cylindrical sound receiving part is provided with an accommodating space. The microphone is arranged in the accommodating space of the cylindrical sound receiving part and used for acquiring equipment noise signals. The invention also provides an equipment noise detection system. According to the equipment noise acquisition device and the equipment noise detection system, equipment noise of small regions on an equipment circuit board can be detected and accurately positioned through the design of the frustum-shaped sound transmitting part.