The invention relates to an animal aerosol exposure experiment system. The system comprises an aerosol generation unit, an aerosol sampling unit, an isolated and sealed cabin, a self-purification gas circulation unit, a negative-pressure protection unit and an internal environment monitoring unit, wherein an exposure cabin is arranged in the isolated and sealed cabin; the aerosol generation unit, the aerosol sampling unit and the self-purification gas circulation unit are connected with the exposure cabin; the internal environment monitoring unit is connected with the isolated and sealed cabin and/or the exposure cabin; the negative-pressure protection unit is connected with the isolated and sealed cabin. The animal aerosol exposure experiment system can provide stable spraying and sampling flow, guarantees homogeneity and stability of aerosol generation and accurate sampling and controls infection dose precisely; a negative-pressure environment is kept in an operation cabinet all along in an aerosol exposure experiment process through a negative-pressure system, safety of experimenters is guaranteed, and contaminated aerosol in the operation cabinet is purified rapidly and thoroughly through the self-purification gas circulation unit after sampling.