The invention relates to a multi-air-flue automatic air supply adjusting system and method for a coke dry quenching boiler. Cooling air entering each independent upper air chamber exchanges heat with coke in the coke dry quenching boiler through a corresponding annular air flue in the mode of flowing from the periphery to the center; one part of cooling air entering each independent lower air chamber reaches the middle of the coke dry quenching boiler through a center air supply flue, perpendicularly enters a center air cap upwards, and enters the coke dry quenching boiler from the center air cap in the mode of flowing from the center to the periphery to exchange heat with coke, and the other part of cooling air reaches the middle of the coke dry quenching boiler through a middle air supply flue, perpendicularly enters a middle air cap upwards, and enters the coke dry quenching boiler from the middle air cap in the mode of flowing from the middle to the periphery to exchange heat with coke; temperature field signals in the coke dry quenching boiler are collected through a thermal infrared imager and converted into images to be displayed on a control system display screen, the supply air rate of each air flue of the coke dry quenching boiler is adjusted by controlling an air control device at each position, cold recycle air entering the coke dry quenching boiler is evenly distributed in the boiler, and coke in the boiler is evenly cooled.