The present invention discloses a heuristic power distribution network state estimation measurement position rapid optimization method, and belongs to the power grid optimization algorithm technology field. The method comprises the steps of determining initial real-time measurement set elements and pseudo measurement set elements; forming a measurement vector, wherein the measurement vector comprises the pseudo measurement and the real-time measurement, the pseudo measurement is composed of all node powers, and the real-time measurement is composed of the branch powers of an initial measurement set; carrying out the state estimation, obtaining an estimation value of a state vector, and searching a least important branch and a most important branch; updating the measurement set; if the iterative times is less than a given threshold value, and the estimation error of the iteration is greater than the estimation error of the last iteration, continuously selecting the sum; otherwise ending an optimization process. The method of the present invention enables the state estimation precision to be improved, at the same time, avoids the problem that the time complexity is high. A state estimation real-time measurement device configuration scheme obtained by using the method of the present invention has better performances both at the aspects of estimation precision and time complexity.