The invention discloses a 'fingerprint' identifying and using method based on a cognitive radio technology.The method is provided based on a cognitive radio system structure model through setting of 'fingerprint' identifying and extracting parameters of wireless channels in different communication scenes and comprises a preparation stage for selecting three 'fingerprint' identifying characteristic parameters, a cognitive stage for implementing the cognitive approach process and a matching adjustment stage for adjusting communication parameter selection.The method is based on modeling of a 'discrete linear system' and is close to an actual communication scene.The method is simple and easy to extend, facilitates project implementation, is suitable for cognitive identification of the wireless channels in a cognitive radio system and improvement of the spectrum utilization rate of the cognitive radio system and further facilitates optimization of a mobile network.