The present invention discloses a bidirectional spectrum light transmission acquisition and detection method. The method comprises the steps of setting a bidirectional spectrum reflection field function; obtaining an emergent light field relight equation according to the bidirectional spectrum reflection field function; discretizing the emergent light field relight equation to obtain a bidirectional spectrum light transmission acquisition equation; setting a bidirectional spectrum light transmission matrix to be composed of the four-dimensional space light transmission and the two-dimensional spectrum light transmission; decomposing the bidirectional spectrum light transmission matrix into the tensor product of a space light transmission matrix and a spectrum light transmission matrix, and using the full spectrums from thick to thin to determine an acquisition sequence of the target scene pixels; acquiring the complete first spectrum light transmission at the level of the first spatial resolution; carrying out the sparse reconstruction on the first spectrum light transmission; obtaining a detection matrix according to the bidirectional spectrum light transmission acquisition equation. The advantage of the present invention is that: the bidirectional spectrum light transmission matrix of acquiring the scenes can render the scene real appearance of the scene containing the fluorescent objects under any spectrum and any space incident illumination.