The invention relates to a process for purifying and treating vanadium-containing wastewater in an advanced manner and a process for recycling vanadium and chromium, and belongs to the field of sewage treatment.The process for purifying and treating the vanadium-containing wastewater in the advanced manner includes regulating a pH (potential of hydrogen) value of the vanadium-containing wastewater until the pH value reaches 4-6, sequentially adsorbing the vanadium-containing wastewater by the aid of resin A and resin B which are used as adsorption media; draining tail liquid which reaches standards and is obtained after the vanadium-containing wastewater is adsorbed.The resin A is chelating ion exchange resin; the resin B is macroporous weakly basic anion exchange resin with polyamine.The processes have the advantages that the process for purifying and treating the vanadium-containing wastewater is a novel, efficient and low-cost technology for treating heavy metal wastewater, the requirement on harmlessness and resource recovery (valuable heavy metal recycling) of the vanadium-containing wastewater and the requirement on water recycling and reusing can be simultaneously met, the processes are novel environment-friendly emission reduction and resource recycling technologies, 'cleaner production' standards implemented for vanadium metallurgy and vanadium application industries can be improved, and the processes have obvious economic and social benefits.