The invention discloses a phosphogypsum-based grouting material for filling a solution cavity of a mine. The grouting material is prepared from a powder material and a liquid material, wherein, calculated by the total weight, in percentage by weight, of the grouting material, the powder material is prepared from 65 to 75 percent of phosphogypsum, 5 to 15 percent of pulverized fuel ash, 4 to 10 percent of cement, 2.5 to 5 percent of unslaked lime, 2.5 to 5 percent of micro silica fume, 0.4 to 0.5 percent of setting accelerator sodium aluminate and 0.03 to 0.05 percent of water-retaining agent methyl cellulose ether, and the liquid material is prepared from 0.8 to 1.1 percent of polycarboxylate superplasticizer and 0.03 to 0.05 percent of early strength agent triethanolamine. The phosphogypsum-based grouting material for filling the solution cavity of the mine can be directly used for filing and grouting a solution cavity of an abandoned mine shaft, and has the characteristics of high fluidity, good workability, acid resistance, erosion resistance, higher later strength and the like.