The invention discloses a screw rod rolling shaft power transmission system which consists of a screw rod mechanism connected with a power input device through a shaft coupler, and a power output mechanism which is connected with the screw rod mechanism and is used for outputting rotating power, wherein the screw rod mechanism is provided with a shaft rod which is connected with the shaft coupler and is supported on the screw rod mechanism, and a spiral structure which is formed on the shaft rod and is used for driving the power output mechanism; the power output mechanism is provided with an outer sleeve consisting of a base plate and a flange which is integrally formed at the outer circumferential edge of the base plate and upwards protrudes, a rolling shaft which is arranged on the base plate at the outer sleeve and is used for outputting the rotating power, and a plurality of rolling components which are uniformly distributed between the rolling shaft and the flange; two sides of each rolling component can be embedded into the outer circumferential surface of the rolling shaft and the inner circumferential surface of the flange in a rotatable manner respectively; an opening for embedding the spiral structure is formed at the position, corresponding to the spiral structure, on the flange of the outer sleeve; the rolling components are meshed with the spiral structure on the shaft rod in the opening; through shaft holes are formed in the centers of the base plate and the rolling shaft. The screw rod rolling shaft power transmission system is high in operation efficiency, low in noise and low in heating rate.