The invention provides a heavy oil hydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst comprises a silicon/fluorine-containing molded alumina carrier, a metal component molybdenum and a metal component cobalt or nickel; the content of silicon/fluorine (by element) in the silicon/fluorine-containing molded alumina carrier used as a reference is 0.5-10wt%; the content of the metal component molybdenum (by oxide) in the catalyst with the unit carrier surface load as a reference is 4.8-9.0[mu]mol/m<2>, and the content of the metal component cobalt or nickel (by oxide) is 1.5-4.0[mu]mol/m<2>; and no MoO3 characteristic peak appears at a diffraction angle 2theta of 24-28DEG in the XRD characterization map of the catalyst. Compared with heavy oil hydrogenation catalysts, the heavy oil hydrogenation catalyst provided by the invention has better hydrodesulfurization, nitrogen removal and residual carbon removal effects in the heavy metal hydrogenation process.