The invention relates to a method and a device for testing the bonding strength of an anchoring interface of an anchoring system, and belongs to the technical field of geotechnical engineering. The method comprises the following steps: manufacturing an anchoring sample, drilling an anchor rod drill hole in a central axis of the anchor sample, placing an anchor rod in the anchor rod drill hole, and pouring an anchoring agent into the anchor rod drill hole to manufacture a test sample; after the anchoring agent is solidified, placing the test sample in a limiting device, and making the anchor rod penetrate through a limiting hole; when the bonding strength of a first anchoring interface is tested, screwing a limiting plug into the limiting hole, and tightly sticking the limiting plug and the test sample; when the bonding strength of a second anchoring interface is tested, mounting a pull bearing tray on an internal extension section of the anchor rod, and tightly sticking the pull bearing tray and the anchoring agent; applying a pulling force to the anchor rod, and recording the pulling force and a pulling displacement in real time; analyzing test data, calculating the bonding strength of the anchoring interface according to a formula, and drawing a test curve.