The invention discloses a novel cylindrical surface luneberg lens antenna capable of realizing circular polarization or bi-circular polarization. The novel cylindrical surface luneberg lens antenna mainly comprises a linear polarization feed source antenna 1 which is attached to the circumferential surface of a cylindrical lens and of which the polarization direction is in a 45-degree angle to the axial direction of the lens (when bi-circular polarization is realized, the linear polarization feed source antenna 1 has to be changed into a bi-linear polarization feed source) , and a dielectric plate waveguide lens 2 which satisfies the required refractive index and allows horizontal polarization TE0 wave and vertical polarization TM0 wave to generate a rotary symmetric profile with a 90 degrees difference. The novel cylindrical surface luneberg lens antenna has a rotary symmetric structure, and is applicable to multi-beam scanning of an azimuth plane. An arc feed source array is only arranged on the circumference of the cylindrical dielectric plate waveguide lens, the distances between elements of the arc feed source array are adjusted according to the widths of the wave beams generated by a single feed source to realize uninterrupted wave beam scanning of the azimuth plane. The novel cylindrical surface luneberg lens antenna is simple in structure, and mature and stable in processing technology and is especially suitable for millimeter wave frequency range. Based on the basic structure of the novel cylindrical surface luneberg lens antenna, the linear polarization feed source types, the lens profile shape and antenna dimension are reasonably changed to from other embodiments of the invention.