The invention provides a series capacitance compensation control system based on a rapid discharging switch. The series capacitance compensation control system comprises a capacitor assembly, a zinc oxide assembly and a controller, wherein the rapid discharging switch is arranged inside the controller; the rapid discharging switch is connected in parallel with the capacitor assembly and the zinc oxide zinc assembly; the controller comprises a main control chip, a short-circuit fault recognition chip and a monitoring chip which are in communication connections with one another; and the main control chip is used for receiving a short-circuit fault signal transmitted by the short-circuit fault recognition chip, and sending an action instruction to the rapid discharging switch. The series capacitance compensation control system based on the rapid discharging switch provided by the invention has the advantages of low manufacturing cost, convenience in mounting, easiness in maintenance and good energy-saving effect, and an energy-saving effect is up to 3-4 percent. The short-circuit fault recognition time of the short-circuit fault recognition chip is 1-2ms, and faults can be recognized rapidly and accurately. An instruction specific to the rapid discharging switch is sent, and the rapid discharging switch can be switched on within 12ms, so that the safety of the capacitor is ensured.