The invention discloses a system and a method for dynamically controlling friction force of a conveyor belt, and belongs to the field of transmission machine monitoring. By the aid of the system and the method, the problem of slipping of existing conveyor belts due to insufficient friction force and insufficient tensile force or excessively high load on the existing conveyor belts can be solved. The system for dynamically controlling the friction force of the conveyor belt comprises a framework, barrels, supporting wheels, the conveyor belt, first pressure sensors, second pressure sensors, tensioners and a control module. The barrels are arranged on the framework, the supporting wheels are arranged on the framework, the conveyor belt is arranged on the barrels, the first pressure sensors are arranged on the barrels, the second pressure sensors are arranged on the supporting wheels, the tensioners are arranged on the framework, and the control module is arranged on the framework; the first pressure sensors, the second pressure sensors and the tensioners are respectively connected with the control module by conducting wires. The system and the method have the advantages that conveying tasks can be completed by the conveyor belt, and the conveying efficiency can be improved.