The invention discloses a system and method for measuring the temperature of a material under dynamic high-pressure loading on the basis of reflectivity. The system comprises a dynamic high-pressure loading device, wherein the dynamic high-pressure loading device is connected with a testing experimental target sample; the testing experimental target sample is connected with a reflecting light intensity variation testing system; the reflecting light intensity variation testing system is connected with a synchronous trigger; and the synchronous trigger is connected with the dynamic high-pressure loading device. By adopting the system and the method, dynamic temperature data of a metal material under a quasi isentropic compression condition, and instantaneous temperature data of the metal material in a low-temperature section under an impact compression condition, can be acquired, accurate representation of the physical state of the material under dynamic high-pressure loading and the physical process of state variation of the material can be achieved, and significant parameters for verifying effectiveness of a theoretic equation model and establishing a complete state equation can be provided.