The invention discloses a synchronous diastatic fermentation process of cellulose-containing raw materials, wherein the process comprises the following steps of mixing the cellulose-containing raw materials with enzyme; performing liquification under the liquification conditions so that soluble oligose in obtained liquification products is finally degraded to a state of 10 to 150g/L through being metered by the content of monosaccharide, the content of the monosaccharide is 10 to 100g/L, the viscosity of the liquification products is 200 to 500cp, and the average particle size of the liquification products is 20 to 100 [mu]m; mixing the liquification products with the enzyme and yeast; and performing synchronous diastatic fermentation. By using the technical scheme, the efficient synchronous diastatic fermentation process of the cellulose-containing raw materials is realized; the synchronous proceeding of the enzymolysis of the cellulose-containing raw materials and the liquid deep fermentation is realized, so that the enzymolysis period and the fermentation period are effectively shortened; the enzymolysis efficiency and the efficiency of converting cellulose into ethanol are further improved; and high ethanol yield is ensured.