The invention discloses a gunpowder combustion gas component test apparatus. The apparatus comprises a closed combustion chamber, an igniting controller, a pressure and temperature adjusting device, a flow control device, a sensor array, a data acquisition and analysis device, a standard gas cylinder array and a water bath constant temperature device. The apparatus solves the problems of difficult collection of a gunpowder combustion generation gas, and tedious steps and low automatic degree of multiple gas components. The apparatus can accurately adjust the initial state of gunpowder combustion, automatically collects the gas and tests the concentrations of the multiple gas components in a gunpowder combustion product, so the apparatus is suitable for testing the concentrations of the multiple gas components in the combustion product of solid propellants and propellant powder at a specific initial temperature under an initial pressure, and is of great significance to research the gunpowder combustion mechanism and the formula and technological design of the propellants and the propellant powder.