The invention discloses a carbon fiber composite cable with optical fibers, which comprises, sequentially from inside to outside, optical fibers with a metal sleeve, an interface layer made of a carbon fiber woven sleeve reinforced thermoplastic resin composite material, an anti-seismic layer made of carbon fiber woven sleeve reinforced thermoplastic thermosetting composite resin, and a carbon fiber unidirectional composite wire layer. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the carbon fiber composite cable with optical fibers. By combining the carbon fiber woven thermoplastic interface layer and metal sleeve surface modification technologies, the metal sleeve surface and the carbon fiber composite material form interface combination with good infiltration in the optical fiber embedding process. The optical fiber structure is firmly fixed through weaving with carbon fibers, and the problem of inconcentricity caused by optical fiber slippage in the subsequent compositing process is avoided. The thermoplastic/thermosetting composite resin anti-seismic layer ensures the anti-seismic and anti-bending properties of the whole composite cable in the winding and unwinding processes.