The invention discloses a bipolar signal-based visible light communication method and device. The method comprises the following steps: a negative number part of signals to be transmitted is subjected to zero setting operation, a positive number part is retained and positive polarity signals are obtained; the positive part of the signals to be transmitted is subjected to zero setting operation, a negative number part is retained and negative polarity signals are obtained; after the positive polarity signals are multiplied by a first amplification factor and then are subjected to digital-to-analog conversion operation, frequency conversion operation and filtering operation, a current of a first LED lamp cluster is controlled, and first visible light communication signals are obtained and transmitted; after the negative polarity signals are multiplied by a second amplification factor and then are subjected to direct current bias operation, the digital-to-analog conversion operation, the frequency conversion operation and the filtering operation, a current of a second LED lamp cluster is controlled, and second visible light communication signals are obtained and transmitted The bipolar signal-based visible light communication method and device are advantageous in that different lamp clusters are used for realizing visible light communication of bipolar signals, restriction imposed on unipolarity of signals by visible light communication can be eliminated, noise influence of asymmetric amplitude limit can be removed, a signal dynamic scope of visible light communication can be expanded, and received signal quality can be improved.