The invention relates to a polarization correlation loss compensation system based on a Raman amplification effect. Through certain detection means, a polarization correlation loss of an existing signal is acquired. Detection can be based on a digital signal processing algorithm and also can be based on optical parameter measurement. The acquired polarization correlation loss is converted into a Stokes vector. One polarized Raman pump is added to an input terminal of a transmission optical fiber. A polarization direction of the pump (the Stokes vector) is controlled by a polarization controller and is consistent with a polarization direction (the Stokes vector) of the polarization correlation loss. Through adjusting power of the pump, a generated polarization correlation gain just compensates the polarization correlation loss. The method has the following characteristics that a device is simple; losses are low; cost is low too and compensation can be directly performed during a transmission process.