The invention discloses a self-adjustment construction method for a prefabricated culvert. The method includes the following operation steps that upper box culvert sections and lower box culvert sections are prefabricated in a factory; a groove is excavated in a construction site, and a bottom board is arranged at the bottom of the groove; the lower box culvert sections are placed on the bottom board, and the multiple lower box culvert sections are arranged side by side and fixed to one another; the multiple upper box culvert sections are placed on a U-shaped rail through a crane and slowly pulled through a tractor, the multiple upper box culvert sections are fixed to one another into a whole, and the upper box culvert sections fixed into the whole and the lower box culvert sections fixed into a whole are fixed to each other; and backfill soil is used for covering operation, and construction operation is finished. In the construction process, the top of the groove is covered with a construction covering board so that traffic jams and inconvenience cannot be caused by construction, and civil and rapid construction is wonderfully promoted. Compared with an existing incremental launching method, the construction method has the beneficial effects that construction can be conducted rapidly to shorten a construction period, the method is suitable for a road segment with the large traffic volume, the construction cost can be reduced, and the durability and anti-seismic property of a box culvert are improved.