The invention discloses a soil sample collection and sorted preservation box, comprising a box body, a box cover and a handle, wherein the box body is divided into an inner layer and an outer layer; drying devices are arranged at the bottoms and peripheries of the middle parts of the inner layer and the outer layer of the box body; the upper end of the box body is provided with an opening where the box cover is installed; the box cover comprises three layers, i.e., a water vapor adsorption layer, a microbial adsorption layer and a hydrophobic air-permeable layer from bottom to top; the handle is mounted on the box cover; one side of the box body is provided with a temperature display, a power switch and a label bag, and when a collected soil sample needs drying, the power switch is pressed down and the temperature in the box body is controlled through the drying devices and the temperature display; and the bottom of the other side of the box body is provided with a battery case and a USB conversion interface. The soil sample collection and sorted preservation box facilitates sorted disposal of sampled soil, has a drying function, can be brought to a collection site, simplifies later treatment of soil sampling and is convenient to use.