The invention discloses a robot accurate positioning and automatic return charging system. A current position of a robot, after being shot and scanned through a shooting apparatus and a laser scanning apparatus, is compared to a stored three-dimensional stereo map, and thus the current position of the robot is accurately located. According to accurate positioning, a path distance generated when the robot returns to a charging position and a residual electricity amount of a storage battery are obtained, according to the residual electricity amount and the path distance generated when the robot returns to the charging position after accurate positioning, a shortest path distance or longest time generated when the robot returns to the charging position at a uniform speed from the current position is obtained, through combination with a preset return speed, actual time needed by the robot for returning to the charging position from the current position is obtained, and when it is measured that return time of the residual electricity amount at the current position is close to the longest time or a return distance is close to the shortest distance, the robot returns to get charged.