The invention discloses a multi-color LED spectrum and illumination matching method. The method is characterized by, to begin with, obtaining spectrum sample data of a single LED in each color through sampling and measuring; then, carrying out transition on spectrum and illumination to be matched to obtain corresponding target spectrum radiance distribution; and finally, carrying out iterative matching through a differential evolution algorithm to obtain a driving value of each LED. The invention also provides corresponding spectrum and illumination matching evaluation indexes for evaluating the matching results. The method solves the defects of an existing spectrum matching method, can realize illumination matching while carrying out spectrum matching, can obviously reduce calibration cost due to LED mixed light source maintenance and updating, and is simple to operate and easy to implement. Besides, the problem of spectrum change due to heat of an LED light source is solved in the matching process, and the method can meet requirement for spectrum and illumination simultaneous matching in the practical application.