The invention discloses a cement-based organic and inorganic composite thermal-insulating foaming material. The material is prepared from, in percentage by mass, 40%-50% of cement, 2%-3% of glass fibers, 3%-4% of a reinforcing material, 1%-2% of aluminum sulfate, 2%-4% of Wacker rubber powder, 25%-33% of deionized water, 0.5%-1% of a water reducing agent, 1%-1.5% of a coupling agent, 1%-3% of a foam stabilizer, 5%-8% of an earthly strength agent and 4%-5% of a foaming material. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the cement-based organic and inorganic composite thermal-insulating foaming material. Raw materials are widely sourced, the cost is low, the preparation process is simple, and the material has the advantages of high hardness, low density, low heat conductivity, no inflammation and the like, cannot produce harmful gas at high temperature, has excellent performance, is an environment-friendly composite thermal-insulating material and effectively overcomes defects of existing thermal-insulating materials.