The invention discloses a method for preparing a maize straw cellulose membrane from maize straw used as a raw material. The method comprises steps as follows: maize straw pulp is placed in a steam explosion tank for steam explosion treatment and dried at the low temperature; a formed inorganic nanoparticle dispersion solution and obtained maize straw cellulose powder are mixed, after water is completely evaporated, the mixture is stirred and mixed with heat conducting filler, infrared reflection titanium dioxide, a light stabilizer, an acrylic-acid-series additive containing a perfluoroalkyl group and a heat stabilizer in proportion in a high-speed mixer, then the mixture is mixed and stirred with a precooled mixed aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide/thiourea, the mixture is placed on a glass plate for membrane scraping and placed in an acetone/water mixture for membrane forming, and the maize straw cellulose membrane is obtained. According to the method, fibers of the maize straw are extracted through steam explosion treatment, the processing technology is simple, the obtained cellulose can be quickly dissolved in a sodium hydroxide/thiourea/water system, and meanwhile, the obtained cellulose membrane has the good heat resistance, weather resistance and toughness.