The invention discloses a vehicle-mounted ad hoc network security authentication method based on a Cuckoo filter. The method comprises the following two steps: 1) identity authentication between a vehicle and an infrastructure (V2I), wherein the step comprises the following four specific processes: system initialization, initial handshake, message signature and massage authentication; and 2) identity authentication between vehicles (V2V), wherein the step comprises three specific processes: group key generation, group message signature and group massage authentication. The method is realized based on software without depending on any other specific hardware equipment; an unparalleled linear pairing method is adopted in the authentication phase, and the unparalleled linear pairing authentication method is suitable for both V2I and V2V authentication, so that the method has efficient computing power and lower cost; and in the batch certification phase, the Cuckoo filter and the binary search technique are adopted to detect whether signature is effective, so that efficiency of the authentication phase is improved to a great extent.