The invention aims at providing a construction method of a concrete pile by soil extraction and pressure filling. The construction method is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1, pressing a soil extraction device with a material conveying pipe into a soil body by one or several modes of vibration, hammering and static pressing, wherein the soil body rushes into an inner cavity of the soil extraction device in the sinking process; 2, pumping a cement mixture at the bottom of the soil extraction device through the material conveying pipe and lifting up the soil extraction device at the same time, keeping doing the operations until the soil extraction device reaches the surface of a foundation, to form a filling pile body; and 3, discharging the soil body in the soil extraction device, and carrying out subsequent construction on the filling pile body. According to the construction method, the construction procedures of hole forming by soil extraction and pile body filling can be completed at a time; the soil extraction and hole forming speeds are high, and the working efficiency is high; and meanwhile, the construction method is applicable to a pile foundation and a compound foundation, and is large in application range.