The invention discloses an anti-shielding-failure lightning rod automatic loading and unloading robot system and a loading and unloading method. The anti-shielding-failure lightning rod automatic loading and unloading robot system comprises a robot body, pressing mechanisms, an anti-shielding-failure lightning rod loading and unloading mechanism and an onboard control system, wherein the robot body comprises a main body frame; a walking mechanism operating along a lightning rod is installed in the main body frame; a video monitoring device with a video real-time monitoring function is installed in front of the main body frame; the pressing mechanisms are installed on the two sides of the bottom of the robot body and comprise pressing pieces which move up and down under driving of a driving device, and then the functions of assisting a robot in walking and preventing the off-line and drop situations of the robot are achieved; the anti-shielding-failure lightning rod loading and unloading mechanism comprises a connecting piece and supporting pieces which are installed on the pressing mechanisms and can move up and down along with the pressing pieces of the pressing mechanisms; the supporting pieces are used for supporting the anti-shielding-failure lightning rod; the connecting piece is used for being in butt joint with the anti-shielding-failure lightning rod; the onboard control system is connected with the video monitoring device, the robot body, the pressing mechanisms and the anti-shielding-failure lightning rod loading and unloading mechanism; and power is supplied to the onboard control system through a power source.