The invention relates to a tubular bilateral fluidized bed rapid pyrolysis device, and belongs to the technical field of utilization of renewable energy sources. The rapid pyrolysis device comprises an inner pipe, an outer pipe, a supporting sleeve, an annular air distribution plate, a round air distribution plate, a buffer sleeve, a carrier gas uniform distributor and a spiral plate heat exchanger which are coaxially arranged from top to bottom. According to the rapid pyrolysis device disclosed by the invention, the characteristic of high heat transfer efficiency of the fluidized bed and the wall surface of a container is utilized, the fluidized bed in the inner pipe is used as a reaction zone, an annular fluidized bed is additionally at the periphery as a heating zone, and high-temperature flue gas after combustion is used as fluidized carrier gas, so that the comprehensive heat transfer of a reactor is increased, heat absorbed by biomass pyrolysis can be supplemented, and the whole structure is more compact; meanwhile, the counter-flow type spiral plate heat exchanger is added, so that combustion flue gas waste heat can be fully utilized. By changing the flow of two branches in the rapid pyrolysis device, temperature regulation can be realized on the premise that the unchanged fluidizing gas speed of the reaction zone is ensured, and biomass pyrolysis reactions under different technological conditions can be adapted.